Cancer (melanoma, lung cancer, colon cancer) treatment. Exosomes play complex roles in cancer, and their impact can vary depending on the context and the specific types of exosomes involved. Here are some key aspects of the relationship between exosomes and cancer:

Tumor Promotion: Studies suggest that exosomes derived from cancer cells (tumour-derived exosomes) may contribute to the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumours. These exosomes can transfer molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to neighbouring or distant cells, influencing their behaviour in ways that support tumour progression.

Immune System Modulation: Tumour-derived exosomes can influence the immune system, suppressing the anti-tumour response. They may carry signals that inhibit the activity of immune cells, allowing cancer cells to evade detection and destruction by the immune system.

Angiogenesis: Exosomes released by cancer cells may contribute to angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. This is crucial for supplying nutrients and oxygen to growing tumours. Exosomes can carry pro-angiogenic factors that stimulate blood vessel formation.

Drug Resistance: Exosomes have been implicated in the development of drug resistance in cancer cells. They can transfer molecules that contribute to resistance against chemotherapy drugs, allowing cancer cells to survive and continue growing despite treatment. It’s either effective against brain cancer, as exosomes are not blocked by brain cells and might deliver drugs to the affected areas.

Biomarkers: On the flip side, exosomes can also serve as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Analysis of exosome content, including proteins and nucleic acids, may provide information about the presence of cancer and its characteristics.

Therapeutic Potential: Despite their negative roles in cancer progression, exosomes are being explored as potential therapeutic tools in cancer treatment. Researchers are investigating ways to engineer exosomes to deliver anti-cancer drugs or modulate the immune response to target tumours selectively.

“Understanding the specific mechanisms involved in exosome-mediated interactions in cancer is crucial for developing targeted and effective therapeutic strategies.”